Sukan - Berbasikal

Bicycle Racing



Bicycle racing is a sport encompassing many forms in which bicycles are used for competition. This racing includes road bicycle racing, cyclo-cross, mountain bike racing, track cycling, BMX and bike trials and cycle speedway.

Types of races



Road bicycle races typically take place from spring through to fall. Many riders from the northern hemisphere spend the winter in countries such as Australia, to compete or train. Professional races range from the multi-day "Grand Tour" stage races such as the Tour de France, Giro d'Italia and the Vuelta a España to single day "Classics" such as the Ronde van Vlaanderen and Milan-Sanremo. The longest one-day road race sanctioned by USA Cycling is Lotoja which covers the 206 miles (332 km) from Logan, Utah to Jackson, Wyoming. Criteriums are races based on circuits typically less than a mile in length and sometimes run for a set time (60min, 90min, etc) rather than a specific distance. Criteriums are the most popular form of road racing in North America. In Belgium, kermesses are popular, single-day events of usually 120+km. As well as road races in which all riders start simultaneously, individual time trial and team time trial events are also held on road-based courses.

Cyclo-cross originated as a sport for road racers during the off season, to vary their training during the cold months. Races typically take place in the autumn and winter (the international or World Cup season is September-January) and consist of many laps of a 2–3 km or 1–2 mile course featuring pavement, wooded trails, grass, steep hills and obstacles requiring the rider to dismount, carry the bike and remount in one motion. Races for senior categories are generally between 30 minutes and an hour long, the distance varying depending on the conditions. The sport is strongest in traditional road cycling countries such as Belgium (Flanders in particular) and France.

Mountain bike racing is relatively new. It became popular during the 1990s.[citation needed] Mountain bike races are off-road and usually involve a moderate degree of technical riding. There are several varieties; the main categories are cross-country and downhill but also 4X or four cross racing. Mountain bike racing and riding requires wide knobby tires with a deep tread.

Track cycling encompasses races that take place on banked tracks or velodromes. Events are quite diverse and can range from individual and team pursuits, two-man sprints, to various group and mass start races. Competitors use track bicycles which do not have brakes or freewheels.

BMX takes place off-road. BMX races are sprints on purpose-built off-road single-lap tracks typically on single-gear bicycles. Riders navigate a dirt course of jumps and banked and flat corners.

Bike trials is a sport where riders navigate natural and man-made obstacles without putting down their foot, or "dabbing". It is similar to motorcycle trials. Points are awarded for bike handling skills.

Cycle speedway is bicycle racing on short outdoor dirt tracks, 70-90m in length.

All of the above bicycle races involve diamond frame bicycles of two triangles, generally composed of various steel alloys (with Cr–Mo), aluminum or carbon fiber. An alternative is the recumbent, a bicycle on which the rider sits back with the legs horizontal. This puts the body in a position where there is less wind drag. Proponents claim it provides more comfortable riding, with no weight on the wrists. The recumbent is a more aerodynamic design of bicycle, and world speed records were set with them.

Bicycle races are popular all over the world, especially in Europe. The most devoted countries are Italy, Spain, Belgium, Germany, Denmark, France, the Netherlands and Switzerland, although the United States has international standing, as do Australia and the UK.



Famous Malaysian Cyclist

Nor Azian Alias,  who is a well-known woman cyclist in Malaysia.



Track cyclist Azizul Hasni Awang, the seventh cyclist to win the award of Sportsman.



Local ace Anuar Manan created history by becoming the first Malaysian rider to win the stage race in Le Tour de Langkawi (LTdL)
posted by Kumpulan Boonx2 on 7:54 AM

Sukan - Sepak Takraw

Sepak Takraw


Sepal Takraw was created by the royal family of Malaysia about 500 years ago. The name itself comes from two languages. Sepak is "kick" in Malay, and Takraw is the "ball" in Thai. When it is born, It looked like Japanese "Kemari", and some became a circle, and a pole was kicked, and the number of times was being competed in.
It looks very similar to the Japanese traditional game, "kemari" where the players form a loose circle and the number of times the ball is kicked before it touches the ground is counted. In 1965 the game was unified into the present volleyball style with the addition of a net and the adoption of international rules.

History


Earliest historical evidence shows that the game was played in the 15th Century's Malacca Sultanate, for it is mentioned in the famous Malay historical text, "The Sejarah Melayu" (Malay Annals). The Malay Annals described in details the incident of Raja Muhammad, a son of Sultan Mansur Shah who was accidentally hit with a rattan ball by Tun Besar , a son of Tun Perak, in a sepak raga game. The ball hit Raja Muhammad's headgear and knocked it down to the ground. In anger, Raja Muhammad immediately stabbed and killed Tun Besar, whereupon some of Tun Besar's kinsmen retaliated and wanted to kill Raja Muhammad. However, Tun Perak managed to restrain them from such an act of treason by saying that he would no longer accept Raja Muhammad as the Sultan's heir. As a result of this incident, Sultan Mansur Shah ordered his son out of Malacca and had him installed as the ruler of Pahang..

In Bangkok, murals at Wat Phra Keow which was built in 1785, depict the Hindu god Hanuman playing sepak takraw in a ring with a troop of monkeys. Other historical accounts mention the game earlier during the reign of King Naresuan (1590 – 1605) of Ayutthaya. The game remained in its circle form for hundreds of years, and the modern version of sepak takraw began taking shape in Thailand sometime during early 1740s. In 1866 the Siam Sports Association drafted the first rules for takraw competition. Four years later, the association introduced the volleyball-style net and held the first public contest. Within just a few years, takraw was introduced to the curriculum in Siamese schools. The game became such a cherished local custom that another exhibition of volleyball-style takraw was staged to celebrate the kingdom’s first constitution in 1933, the year after Thailand abolished absolute monarchy.

By the 1940s, the net version of the game had spread throughout Southeast Asia, and formal rules were introduced. In the Philippines the sport was called "Sipa", in Myanmar, or Burma, it was dubbed "Chinlone", in Laos "Kator", "cầu mây" in Vietnam and in Indonesia "Raga."

This sport became officially known as 'sepak takraw.' Sepak is the Malay word for kick and takraw is the Thai word for a woven ball, therefore sepak takraw quite literally means to kick ball. The choosing of this name for the sport was essentially a compromise between Malaysia and Thailand, the two powerhouse countries of the sport.

International play is now governed by ISTAF, the International Sepak Takraw Federation. The King's Cup World Championships are held every year in Thailand.



Rules of the Game

The court and the net height and size are identical to those used in badminton and each team has three players. The rules are very similar to those in volleyball, with the following five important exceptions.
-The use of hands is not permitted.
-Each player may touch the ball only once before it is kicked over the net.
-There is no rotation in the defense position.
-It becomes a score (net in) even if the ball touches the net before falling into the companion court.

Court



The sepak takraw sport is played on a similar to badminton double sized court.

Area of 13.4 m x 6.1 m free from all obstacles up to the height of 8 m measured from the floor surface (sand and grass court not advisable). The width of the lines bounding the court should not be more than 0.04 m measured and drawn inwards from the edge of the court measurements. All the boundary lines should be drawn at least 3.0m away from all obstacles. The center line of 0.02 m should be drawn equally dividing the right and left court.

At the corner of each at the center line, the quarter circle shall be drawn from the sideline to the center line with a radius of 0.9 m measured and drawn outwards from the edge of the 0.9 m radius.

The service circle of 0.3 m radius shall be drawn on the left and on the right court, the center of which is 2.45 m from the back line of the court and 3.05 m from the sidelines, the 0.04 m line shall be measured and drawn outward from the edge of the 0.3 m radius.

Net


The net shall be made of fine ordinary cord or nylon with 6 mm to 8 mm mesh. Similar to a volleyball net.

The net shall be 0.7 m in width and not shorter than 6.10 m in length and taped at 0.05 m from tape double at the top and sideline, called boundary tape.

The net shall be edged with 0.05 m tape double at the top and the bottom of the net supported by a fine ordinary cord or nylon cord that runs through the tape and strain over and flush with the top of the posts. The top of the net shall be 1.52 m (1.42 m for women) in height from the center and 1.55 m (1.45 m for women's) at the posts.


Ball



A sepak takraw ball made out of rattan.The sepak takraw ball shall be spherical in shape, made of synthetic fiber or one woven layer.

Sepak takraw balls without synthetic rubber covering must consist of the following characteristics; Have 12 holes. Have 20 intersections. Have a circumference measuring not less from 0.42 meters (1 ft 4+1⁄2 in) to 0.44 m (1 ft 5+1⁄4 in) for men and from 0.43 m (1 ft 5 in) to 0.45 m (1 ft 5+3⁄4 in) for women. Have a weight that range from 170 grams (6 oz) to 180 grams (6.3 oz) for men and from 150 grams (5.3 oz) to 160 grams (5.6 oz) for women.

The ball can be in plain single colour, multi-colour, and luminous colours, but not in any colour that will impair the performance of the players.

The sepak takraw ball can also be constructed of synthetic rubber or soft durable material for covering the ball, for the purpose of softening the impact of the ball on the player’s body. The type of material and method used for constructing the ball, or for covering the ball with rubber or soft durable covering must be approved by ISTAF before it can be used for any competition.

All world, international, regional competitions sanctioned by International Sepak Takraw Federation, including but not limited to, the Olympic Games, World Games, Commonwealth Games, Asian Games and SEA Games, must be played with ISTAF approved sepak takraw balls.


Players

The Tekong performing the service during a match in StrasbourgA match is played by two regus (teams), each consisting of three players.

One of the three players shall be at the back; he is called a “Tekong”. The other two players shall be in front, one on the left and the other on the right. The player on the left is called a “Left Inside” and the player on the right is called a “Right Inside”.

Start of play and service

The side that must serve first shall start the first set. The side that wins the first set shall have the options of “Choosing Service”.

The throw must be executed as soon as the referee calls the score. If either of the "Inside" players throws the ball before the referee calls the score, it must be re-thrown and a warning will be given to the thrower.

During the service, as soon as the Tekong kicks the ball, all the players are allowed to move about freely in their respective courts.

The service is valid if the ball passes over the net, whether it touches the net or not, and inside the boundary of the two net tapes and boundary lines of the opponent’s court.

Faults


Serving side during service
The "Inside" player who is making service throws, plays about with the ball (throwing up the ball, bumping, giving to other "Inside" player, etc.) after the call of score has been made by the referee.
The "Inside" player lifts his feet or steps on the line or crosses over or touches the net while throwing the ball.
The Tekong jumps off the ground to execute the service.
The Tekong does not kick the ball on the service throw.
The ball touches his own player before crossing over the opponent court.
The ball goes over the net but falls outside the court.
The ball does not cross to the opponent side.
A player uses his hand or hands, or any other part of his arms to facilitate the execution of a kick even if the hand or arm does not directly touches the ball, but it touches other objects or surfaces instead when doing so.

For both sides during the game

Any player who touches the ball on the opponent side.
Any part of player's body crosses over into opponent's court whether above or under the net except during the follow-through of the ball.
Playing the ball more than 3 times in succession.
The ball touches the arm
Stopping or holding the ball under the arm, between the legs or body.
Any part of the body or player's outfits e.g. shoes, jersey, head band etc., touches the net or the post or the referee's chairs or falls into the opponent's side.
The ball touches the ceiling, roof or the wall (any objects).


Scoring system

When either serving side or receiving side commits a fault, a point is awarded to the opponent side including making next service.

The winning point for a set is 21 points, unless the point is tied at 20–20, the set shall be decided on a difference of two points, up to a ceiling of 25 points. When the score is tied at 20–20, the referee announces “Setting up to 25 points”.

The game is played in 2 sets with 2-minute rest in between.

If each "Regu" wins one set, the game shall be decided in the third set called "Tiebreak" with 15 points unless the point is tied at 14-14, then the set shall be decided on a difference of two points, up to a ceiling of 17 points. When the score is tied at 14-14, the referee announces “Setting up to 17 points”.

Before the tiebreak set takes place, the referee shall toss a disc or coin, and the side winning the toss shall have the option of “Choosing Service”. The change of sides takes place when one “Regu” reaches 8 points.


Famous Malaysian Sepak Takraw Players


Mohd Syazuan Husin, Zulhafizazuddin Rosslan dan Taufik Saat won the first prize at Piala Raja Thai on 3 July 2009.
posted by Kumpulan Boonx2 on 7:24 AM

Sukan - Renang

Swimming

The aquatic sport of swimming is based on the human act of swimming, that is, locomotion in water by self propulsion, usually with the goal to complete a given distance in the smallest amount of time. There are also swimming competitions based on endurance or precedence rather than speed, such as crossing the English Channel or some other stretch of open water. As a sport, swimming is usually distinguished from other aquatic sports (such as diving, synchronized swimming and water polo) that involve the act of swimming but where the goal is neither speed nor endurance.

Competitive swimming consist of four different strokes. The different strokes one can swim in a race are the butterfly, breaststroke, freestyle (or front crawl), and backstroke. When all four strokes are done during a race, it is called medley swimming (known as the individual medley, or I.M., when performed by a single swimmer, and as the medley relay when each stroke is performed by a separate swimmer on a relay team).

Swimming has been part of the modern Olympic Games since their inception in 1896, and is governed by the Fédération Internationale de Natation Amateur (FINA). The belief is widely held that swimming is the best aerobic exercise in the world.


History




Swimwear

Goggles Goggles keep water and chlorine out of swimmers eyes. Prescription goggles can help those that need glasses by allowing them to see the clock or scoreboard in practice or a swim meet. If you have contacts, you should find ones that are a more dependable to prevent protein build-up in your eyes (including starts). Goggles with a tint may help protect your eyes from damage or burns and are handy for outdoor swimming.

Siow Yi Teng

posted by Kumpulan Boonx2 on 6:58 AM

Sukan - Renang Sinkronisasi

ARTISTIC IMPRESSION

An effect, image or feeling retained as a result of a swimmer’s routine, covers the three areas of choreography, interpretation of music and manner of presentation.

ARTISTIC IMPRESSION SCORE

The score given by each judge in panel two for: choreography, musical interpretation and manner of presentation.

BALLET LEG

A position where one leg is extended perpendicular to the water surface, with the body in a back layout position.

BALLET LEG DOUBLE

A position where the legs are together and extended perpendicular to the water surface, with the face at the surface.

BOOST

A rapid, head first rise out of the water, aiming to raise as much of the body as possible above the surface.

CADENCE ACTION

A sequence of identical movements performed one-by-one by all team members, usually in rapid succession.

COMBINED SPIN

A descending spin of at least 360 degrees followed, without a pause, by an equal ascending spin in the same direction.

CONTINUOUS SPIN

A descending spin with a rapid rotation of at least 720 degrees, before the heels reach the surface.

CRANE

A position where the body is extended in a vertical position with one leg extended forward at a 90-degree angle.

DECKWORK

The mood-setting moves that swimmers perform on the deck once the music starts before they enter the water.

DEGREE OF DIFFICULTY

A weighting applied to a particular figure for scoring purposes in a figure competition.

DESCENDING SPIN

A spin of 180 or 360 degrees that starts at the height of the vertical position and is completed as the heels reach the surface.

DIFFICULTY

Complexity of movements, speed of movements, number of figures and hybrids.

EGGBEATER

A rotary action of the legs used to support and propel the upper body in an upright position, leaving the arms free.

EXECUTION

The performance level of the skills demonstrated.

FIGURE

A combination of body positions and transitions performed in a prescribed manner.

FLAMINGO

A position where one leg is extended perpendicular to the surface while the other leg is drawn to the chest, with the lower leg parallel to the surface and the face at the surface.

FLOAT

A surface formation where between two and eight swimmers are connected horizontally.

FREE ROUTINE

A routine where the choreography and choice of music is completely free.

FULL TWIST

A rotation of 360 degrees at sustained height. Half twist A rotation of 180 degrees at sustained height.

HYBRID FIGURE

A combination of figure parts, body positions and transitions that come from mixed origin or composition.

LEVEL

The body’s position in relation to the water surface, such as high, medium or low.

LIFT

When one or more swimmers gives support to lift another swimmer (or more) above the surface of the water.

MANNER OF PRESENTATION

The total command of a swimmer’s performance as she presents it to the audience.

PATTERN

A formation made by the spatial relationship between the members of a team.

POOL PATTERN

The path a swimmer takes through the water.

PROPULSION TECHNIQUE

The way a swimmer uses her arms, legs or both to move through the water; a driving force.

REQUIRED ELEMENTS

Eight to ten fixed figures or other requirements which must be performed by all participants in a technical routine session.

REVERSE COMBINED SPIN

An ascending spin of at least 360 degrees followed without a pause by an equal descending spin in the same direction.

RISK FACTOR

The use of a difficult action in which an error in execution may cause a near disaster.

ROCKET SPLIT

A move involving a thrust to the vertical position, followed by a rapid leg split before returning to the vertical position at maximum height.

ROUTINE

A composition of strokes, figures and parts thereof, choreographed to music. It is judged on both technical merit and artistic impression.

SCULL

A movement of the hands designed to apply continuous pressure against the water to propel, balance and support the body.

SPIN

An ascending or descending rotation in a vertical position, performed in a uniform motion unless otherwise specified.

SPLIT

A position where the legs are split evenly forward and back, with the feet and thighs at the surface while the lower back is arched and the hips, shoulders and head are in a vertical line in the water.

TECHNICAL MERIT

The level of excellence demonstrated by the swimmers’ mastery of highly specialised skills.

TECHNICAL MERIT SCORE

The score given by each judge in panel one; for execution, synchronisation and difficulty.

TECHNICAL ROUTINE

A routine which contains required elements woven into the choreography. Competitors are free to choose the music they perform to.

THRUST

A move that starts from a back pike position with the legs perpendicular to the surface and involves a rapid vertical upward movement of the legs and hips as the body unrolls to assume the vertical position.

TWIRL

A rapid twist of 180 degrees.

TWIST

A rotation at sustained height.

TWIST SPIN

A move that involves a half-twist followed, without a pause, by a continuous spin.

VERTICAL POSITION

A position where the body is extended, with face, chest, thighs and feet at the surface.

WALKOVER FRONT

A move where, starting in the split position, the front leg is lifted in a 180-degree arc over the surface to meet the other leg in a surface-arch position, and with continuous movement an arch to back layout is executed.

MALAYSIAN SYNCHRONIZED SWIMMER

1. Shareen Png Hui Chuen
2. Yshai Poo Yee
3. Tan May Mei
4. Yshai Poo Voon
5. Zyanne Lee Zhien Huey
6. Yeo Pei Ling
7. Jillian Ng Siew Mei
8. Katrina Ann bt Abdul Hadi
9. Mandy Yeap Mun Xin
10. Irene Chong See Win

( from Bukit Jalil Sports School, BJSS)

ACHIEVEMENT

12TH FINA WORLD CHAMPIONSHIP

MELBOURNE , AUSTRALIA, 17 MAC ~ 1 APRIL 2007

Shareen Png ~ Tech Solo 24th (74.667pts)

Katrina Ann ~ Free Solo 23rd (75.00pts)

Shareen Png + Jillian Ng ~ Tech Duet 32nd (73.667pts)

Shareen Png + Zyanne Lee ~ Free Duet 27th (79.00pts)

JAPAN SYNCHRONIZED SWIMMING CHAMPIONSHIP OPEN,

TOKYO, JAPAN, 2 ~ 5 MAY 2007

Tan May Mei, Yshai Poo Voon, Mandy Yeap, Irene Chong, Yeo Peo Ling, Zylane Lee, Jillian Ng & Yshai Poo Yee:

Tech Team ~ 70.167pts (12th)

Free Team ~ 79.834pts ( Silver ~ International)

2007 US JUNIOR & OPEN CHAMPIONSHIP,

HONOLULU, HAWAII, 15 ~21 JULY 2007

Katrina Ann ~ Junior Figures 32nd (69.195pts)

~ Junior Solo 4th (86.000pts)

Zyanne Lee ~ Open Tech Solo 6th (79.833pts)

~ Open Free Solo 5th (83.833pts)

~ Total Score 81.834pts (6th)

Shareen Png ~ Open Tech Solo 3rd (82.833pts)

~ Open Free Solo 2nd (85.500pts)

~ Total Score 84.167pts (Silver)

Shareen Png + Zyanne Lee ~ Open Tech Duet 3rd (83.333pts)

~ Open Free Duet 4th (84.333pts)

~ Total Score 83.834pts (Bronze)

5th AASF ASIAN AGE GROUP CHAMPIONSHIP JAKARTA, INDONESIA,

26 ~30 AUGUST 2007

13 ~ 15 AgeGroup Figures:

Katrina Ann - 3rd (67.897pts)

Zylane Lee - 9th (62.375pts)

Cheah Cheng Im - 30th (53.813pts)

13 ~15 AgeGroup Solo:

Katrina Ann - Silver (77.667pts)

Zylane Lee - 7th (73.667pts)

13 ~ 15 AgeGroup Duet:

Zylane Lee + Katrina Ann - Bronze (77.833pts)

16 ~18 AgeGroup Figures:

Yeo Pei Ling - 13th (64.606pts)

Jillian Ng - 15th (64.283pts)

Irene Chong - 17th (63.044pts)

Mandy Yeap - 19th (62.825pts)

16 ~18 AgeGroup Solo:

Jillian Ng - 4th (77.167pts)

Irene Chong - 9th (75.000pts)

16 ~18 AgeGroup Duet:

Yeo Pei Ling + Mandy Yeap - 4th

16 ~18 AgeGroup Team:

Yeo Pei Ling, Jillian Ng, Irene Chong & Mandy Yeap - Bronze (75.166pts)

CHINA SYNCHRONIZED SWIMMING OPEN, CHANGSHU, CHINA

21 ~24 SEPTEMBER 2007

Shareen Png + Zyanne Lee - Tech Duet 83.500pts (5th)

MALAYSIA OPEN 2006

OPEN SOLO:

Shareen - 79.500pts (Tech) , 79.666pts (Free) = 79.583pts (Gold)

Pei LIng - 73.833pts(Tech) , 75.666 (Free) = 74.333pts (Bronze)

OPEN DUET:~

Shareen & Zyanne -

78.499pts (Tech) , 81.500pts(Free) = 80.000pts (Gold)

Katrina, Poo Voon & Jillian -

76.500pts (Tech) , 79.500pts (Free) = 78.000pts (Silver)

13 ~ 15 FIGURES:

Katrina - 70.870pts (1st)

Zylane - 67.475pts (3rd)

13 ~ 15 SOLO:

Katrina - 71.768pts (Gold)

13 ~ 15 DUET:

Zylane & Katrina - 71.753pts (Gold)

16 ~ 18 FIGURES:

Jillian - 73.505pts (1st)

May Mei - 71.973pts (2nd)

Mandy - 68.569pts (3rd)

Irene - 66,761pts (5th)

16 ~ 18 SOLO:

Mandy - 72.450pts (Gold)

Irene - 71,298pts (Silver)

16 ~ 18 DUET:

May Mei & Jillian - 74.369pts (Gold)

FINA Synchro World Cup 2006

Yokohama, 14 -17 September 2006

NAME	EVENTS	PLACING & POINTS
Mandy Yeap Mun Xin Zyanne Lee Zhien Huey Yeo Pei Ling Irene Chong See Win Jillian Ng Siew Mei
	Tech Team	13th – 79.900pts
	Free Team (Prelim)	13th – 82.800pts
	Team Final Score	13th – 81.350pts

Japan Synchronized Swimming Championship 2006

Tech Team ~ 9th(81.344pts)

Free Team ~ 9th (83.333pts)

Open Team ~ 2nd

42ND MILO-PRAM MALAYSIA AGE GROUP AQUATIC CHAMPIONSHIP

Pusat Akuatik Paroi, Negeri Sembilan 27 - 30 April 2006


AG 16 - 18 yrs:

Gold (68.563pts) - Irene Chong (Negeri Sembilan)

Silver (63.720pts) - Kok Yee Ling (Penang)

Bronze (61.801pts) - Ching Weng Pheng (Penang)

AG 13 - 15 yrs:

Gold (70.894pts) - Katrina Ann (Selangor)

Silver (66.147pts) - Rachel Teoh (Penang)

Bronze (65.023pts) - Thor Sze Yun(Penang)

AG 12 yrs Under:

Gold (55.790pts) - Emanuelle Mah (Penang)

Silver (52.354pts) - Leong Jie Xi (Penang)

Bronze (51.385pts) - Cheah Cheng Im (Penang)

COMMONWEALTH GAMES 2006

MELBOURNE, AUSTRALIA (16 - 26 MARCH 2006)

SHAREEN PNG - Technical Solo Routine ( 5th - 78.000pts)

- Free Solo Routine ( 5th - 79.000pts)

SHAREEN PNG & ZYANNE LEE - Technical Duet Routine ( 5th - 77.500pts)

- Free Duet Routine ( 5th - 78.334pts)

7th ASIAN SWIMMING CHAMPIONSHIP 2006

TOA PAYOH SWIMMING COMPLEX, SINGAPORE (6 - 9 MAC 2006)

Open Tech Solo Prelim : Shareen Png (13 participants) - 5th (77.500pts)

Open Tech Solo Final : Shareen Png (9 participants) - 5th (79.333pts)

Open Tech Duet Prelim : Shareen Png & Zyanne Lee (13 participants) - 7th (78.500pts)

Open Tech Duet Final : Shareen Png & Zyanne Lee (10 participants) - 5th (79.167pts)

Open Free Solo Prelim : Shareen Png (14 participants) - 5th (80.000pts)

Open Free Solo Final : Shareen Png (9 participants) - 5th (80.333pts)

Open Free Duet Prelim : Shareen Png & Zyanne Lee (14 participants) - 7th (79.833pts)

Open Tech Duet Final : Shareen Png & Zyanne Lee (10 participants) - 5th (80.334pts)

posted by Kumpulan Boonx2 on 7:22 AM

Sukan - Gimnastik

Gymnastics is an activity and sport involving performance of exercises requiring physical strength, flexibility, agility, co-ordination, balance, and grace. Internationally, all of the gymnastic sports are governed by the Fédération Internationale de Gymnastique (FIG) with each country having its own national governing body affiliated to FIG. Competitive Artistic gymnastics is the best known of the gymnastic sports. It typically involves the women's events of uneven parallel bars, balance beam, floor exercise, and vault. Men's events include floor exercise, pommel horse, still rings, vault, parallel bars, and high bar. Gymnastics evolved from exercises used by the ancient Greeks, that included skills for mounting and dismounting a horse, and from circus performance skills.
Other gymnastic sports include rhythmic gymnastics, the various trampolining sports, and aerobic and acrobatic gymnastics.
Participants can include children as young as two years old and sometimes younger doing kindergym and children's gymnastics, recreational gymnasts of all ages, competitive gymnasts at varying levels of skill, as well as world class athletes.
HISTORY
To the Ancient Greeks, physical fitness was paramount, and all Greek cities had a gymnasium, a courtyard for jumping, running, and wrestling. As the Roman Empire ascended, Greek gymnastics gave way to military training. The Romans, for example, introduced the wooden horse. In 393 AD the Emperor Theodosius abolished the Olympic Games, which by then had become corrupt, and gymnastics, along with other sports, declined. For centuries, gymnastics was all but forgotten.
In the fifteenth century, Girolamo Mercuriale fromForlì (Italy) wrote De Arte Gymnastica, that brought together his study of the attitudes of the ancients toward diet, exercise and hygiene, and the use of natural methods for the cure of disease. De Arte Gymnastica also explained the principles of physical therapy and is considered the first book on sports medicine.

In the late eighteenth and early nineteenth centuries, two pioneer physical educators – Johann Friedrich GutsMuths (1759–1839) and Friedrich Ludwig Jahn (1778–1852) – created exercises for boys and young men on apparatus they had designed and that ultimately led to what is considered modern gymnastics. In particular, Jahn crafted early models of the horizontal bar, the parallel bars (from a horizontal ladder with the rungs removed), and the vaulting horse.
The International Federation of Gymnastics (FIG) was founded in Liege in 1881. By the end of the nineteenth century, men's gymnastics competition was popular enough to be included in the first "modern" Olympic Games in 1896. From then on until the early 1950s, both national and international competitions involved a changing variety of exercises gathered under the rubric gymnastics that would seem strange to today's audiences: synchronized team floor calisthenics, rope climbing, high jumping, running,horizontal ladder, etc. During the 1920s, women organized and participated in gymnastics events, and the first women's Olympic competition – primitive, for it involved only synchronized calisthenics – was held at the 1928 Games in Amsterdam.
By 1954, Olympic Games apparatus and events for both men and women had been standardized in modern format, and uniform grading structures (including a point system from 1 to 15) had been agreed upon. At this time, Soviet gymnasts astounded the world with highly disciplined and difficult performances, setting a precedent that continues. The new medium of television helped publicize and initiate a modern age of gymnastics. Both men's and women's gymnastics now attract considerable international interest, andexcellent gymnasts can be found on every continent. Nadia Comaneci received the first perfect score, at the 1976 Summer Olympics held in Montreal, Canada. She was coached in Romania by the Romanian coach, (Hungarian ethnicity), Béla Károlyi. According to Sports Illustrated, Comaneci scored four of her perfect tens on the uneven bars, two on the balance beam and one in the floor exercise. Even with Nadia's perfect scores, the Romanians lost the gold medal to the Soviets. Nevertheless, Comaneci became an Olympic icon.
In 2006, a new points system for Artistic gymnastics was put into play. With an A Score (or D score) being the difficulty score, which as of 2009 is based on the top 8 high scoring elements in a routine (excluding Vault). The B Score (or E Score), is the score for execution, and is given for how well the skills are performed.

n the junior category, Elaine Koon, 13, led the pack by capturing the all-round title.Koon from SMJK (C) Yu Hua, Kajang also bagged gold medals in the rope and ribbon events and collected two silver medals (hoop and clubs).


Nur Hidayah Abdul Wahid

Nur Hidayah said before: “Training is tiring, no doubt about it. But i had try to put in 100 per cent effort in our training.”
posted by Kumpulan Boonx2 on 3:22 AM

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