Sukan - Formula 1

Sejarah Formula 1


P1.1 - Logo Formula 1

Formula Satu, disingkat F1 (atau bernama lengkap The FIA Formula One World Championship), adalah kelas balapan mobil formula tempat duduk tunggal yang tertinggi. Terdiri dari sejumlah seri balapan yang dikenal dengan istilah Grand Prix. Balapan diselenggarakan di dalam sirkuit atau jalan umum dalam kota yang ditutup untuk umum. Hasilnya menentukan dua gelar juara dunia, satu untuk pembalap dan satu lagi untuk konstruktor. Pada balapan, mobil balap dapat mencapai kecepatan 300 km/h (185 mph) yang dihasilkan oleh mesin yang dapat mencapai tenaga sebesar 900 daya kuda pada putaran mesin sekitar 18.000 rpm (per 2005).
Eropa adalah pusat tradisi Formula Satu dan tetap menjadi pusatnya hingga sekarang. Sekarang ini Grand Prix telah diadakan di seluruh penjuru dunia, dengan seri balapan baru di Bahrain, RRC, Malaysia dan Turki. Formula Satu adalah balap mobil termahal baik dalam segi produksi maupun olahraganya.
Aturan mainnya diatur oleh Fédération Internationale de l’Automobile (FIA), yang bermarkas di Place de la Concorde, Paris. Presidennya yang sekarang adalah Max Mosley, dan secara umum disponsori dan diatur oleh pemegang hak komersial resmi Bernie Ecclestone melalui berbagai perusahaan.Seri Formula Satu berakar pada seri grand prix motor Eropa pada sekitar 1920-an dan 1930-an. Sejumlah organisasi balap grand prix membuat sejumlah aturan untuk kejuaraan dunia sebelum Perang Dunia II. Dengan alasan penundaan karena perang, kejuaraan dunia pembalap tidak diformalkan sampai 1947 dan berlangsung untuk pertama kalinya pada 1950. Kejuaraan dunia konstruktor kemudian menyusul pada 1958. Balapan Formula Satu tanpa gelar diselenggarakan bertahun-tahun, tetapi dikarenakan membengkaknya biaya kompetisi mengakibatkan kompetisi ini berakhir pada awal 1980-an.
Nama olahraga ini, Formula Satu, mengindikasikan bahwa ini merupakan olahraga yang paling maju dan kompetitif diantara balapan mobil formula lain.


P1.2 - Formula 1

Awal kompetisi
Gelar juara dunia Formula Satu pertama kali dimenangkan oleh pembalap Italia Giuseppe Farina dengan mobilnya Alfa Romeo tahun 1950, dengan mengalahkan rekan setimnya, pembalap Argentina Juan Manuel Fangio. Akan tetapi, Fangio memenangkan gelar juara dunia pada tahun 1951 dan empat kali pada enam tahun berikutnya. Fangio kemudian menjadi legenda yang mendominasi tahun-tahun pertama kompetisi Formula Satu.
Juara dunia dari Britania Raya yang pertama adalah Mike Hawthorn, yang mengendarai Ferrari memenangkan gelar juara pada 1958. Kemudian Colin Chapman memasuki kompetisi F1 sebagai perancang mobil dan kemudian menjadi pendiri Lotus, British racing green datang untuk mendominasi kompetisi pada beberapa dekade berikutnya. Jim Clark, Jackie Stewart, Jack Brabham, Graham Hill, dan Denny Hulme adalah sederetan nama pembalap dari tim Inggris dan negara-negara persemakmuran yang memenangkan dua belas gelar juara dunia antara tahun 1962 hingga 1973.
Tahun 1962, Lotus memperkenalkan mobil dengan rangka aluminium yang dikenal dengan istilah monocoque yang menggantikan rangka tubular tradisional. Penemuan ini kemudian menjadi langkah kemajuan teknologi besar sejak penemuan mobil mid-engines. Tahun 1968 adalah tahun pertama kalinya olahraga ini memakai sponsor yaitu dimulai dengan Lotus yang mengecat “Imperial Tobacco” di mobilnya.
Aerodinamika gaya tekan kebawah (downforce) secara perlahan memainkan peranan penting dalam perancangan mobil, dimulai dengan munculnya aerofoil tahun 1960-an. Akhir tahun 1970, Lotus memperkenalkan aerodinamika efek tanah (ground effect) yang menghasilkan gaya tekan yang bagus sehingga meningkatkan kecepatan di tikungan (konsep ini pernah diujicoba sebelumnya oleh Jim Hall dengan tim IndyCar-nya pada tahun 1960-an.
Federation Internationale du Sport Automobile kemudian didirikan pada 1979.

Kepopuleran
Tahun 1981 dikenal sebagai awal dari adanya Concorde Agreement, sebuah kontrak yang mengikat tim-tim untuk berkompetisi sampai masa berakhirnya kontrak. Kontrak itu juga berisi tentang pembagian sama rata atas keuntungan yang didapat dari hasil penjualan hak televisi. Merupakan tanda berakhirnya Perang FISA-FOCA. Concorde Agreement yang kedua ditandatangani pada 1992 dan yang ketiga pada 1997 dimana akan berakhir pada akhir 2007.
Tim F1 Renault memperkenalkan mesin turbocharged pada tahun 1977 yang dapat menghasilkan lebih dari 700 bhp. Pada tahun-tahun berikutnya, khususnya 1987, mobil-mobil Formula Satu dapat menghasilkan lebih dari 1.000 bhp. FIA kemudian memberlakukan aturan kapasitas tanki bahan bakar pada 1984 dan kemudian melarang mesin turbocharged tahun 1989 untuk membatasi kecepatan mobil yang semakin meningkat.
Awal 1990 ditandai dengan diperkenalkannya alat bantu elektronik seperti power steering, traction control dan gearbox semi otomatis. FIA, dikarenakan banyaknya komplain mengenai hasil balapan yang lebih ditentukan oleh teknologi dibandingkan keahlian pembalap, melarang beberapa alat bantu tersebut pada 1994. Walaupun demikian banyak pengamat berpendapat bahwa larangan atas alat bantu pembalap tersebut tidak berarti sama sekali karena FIA tidak mempunyai teknologi atau metode untuk menghilangkan fitur-fitur tersebut dari kompetisi.
Tim McLaren dan Williams mendominasi balapan 1980-an dan 1990-an. Honda dan McLaren mendominasi banyak pada 1980-an, sementara tim Williams yang diperkuat mesin Renault memenangi beberapa gelar juara dunia pertengahan 1990-an. McLaren kemudian kembali pada akhir 1990-an. Pertarungan antara legenda Senna dan Prost menjadi pusat perhatian pada musim 1988 dan berlanjut sampai akhir 1993 dimana Prost menyatakan untuk pensiun. Ayrton Senna secara tragis tewas pada tabrakan di Grand Prix F1 San Marino 1994. Sejak itu banyak langkah diambil FIA untuk meningkatkan standar keamanan. Tidak ada pembalap yang tewas di balapan sejak saat itu.
Pembalap dari McLaren, Williams, Renault (dulunya bernama Benetton) dan Ferarri merupakan empat tim teratas yang memenangi gelar juara dunia dari 1984 sampai saat ini. Karena kemajuan teknologi sejak 1990-an, biaya kompetisi Formula Satu juga meningkat. Kedua hal ini mengakibatkan tim-tim lainnya mengalami kesulitan tidak hanya untuk bertahan dalam kompetisi namun untuk bertahan dalam bisnis. Masalah keuangan mengakibatkan beberapa tim untuk mundur. Sejak 1990, 28 tim telah mundur dari kompetisi Formula Satu. Salah satunya yang terjadi akhir-akhir ini adalah mundurnya tim Jordan.


Current rules and regulations
Technical
Chassis

P2.1 - Formula 1 racing car

An F1 car can be no more than 180 cm wide and 95 cm tall. Though there is no maximum length, other rules set indirect limits on these dimensions, and nearly every aspect of the car carries size regulations; consequently the various cars tend to be very close to the same size.
The car must only have four wheels mounted externally of the body work with only the front two steered and only the back two driven. There are minimum distances allowed between the wheels and the rear and front body work.
The main chassis contains a "safety cell" which includes the cockpit, a structure designed to reduce impact directly in front of the cockpit, and the fuel tank directly behind the cockpit. Additionally, the car must contain roll structures behind and ahead of the driver. The driver must be able to enter and exit the cockpit without any adjustments other than removing the steering wheel.
Onboard electrical and computer systems, once inspected at the start of the season, may not be changed without prior approval. Electronic starters and launch control are forbidden. The computers, which must contain a telemetric accident data reporting system, run a modified version of BSD.

Engine

P2.2 - Formula 1 racing car's proper engine

Formula One engines must be naturally aspirated, four-stroke internal combustion petrol engines with reciprocating circular pistons and a maximum of two intake and two exhaust valves per cylinder. They must be V8 engines and have a maximum displacement of 2.4 litres.
Devices designed to pre-cool air before it enters the cylinders are not allowed, nor is the injection of any substance into the cylinders other than air and (petrol) fuel.
Variable-length intake and exhaust systems are also forbidden.
The crankshaft and camshafts must be made of steel or cast iron. The use of carbon composite materials for the cylinder block, cylinder head and pistons is not allowed.
Kinetic energy recovery (hybrid technology) is permitted beginning in 2009 provided no more than 400 kJ is used in any one lap and no more than 60 kW (80 hp) in or out is permitted. In addition to one fully charged KERS the maximum recoverable energy stored on the car may not exceed 300 kJ.[1]
Separate starting devices may be used to start engines in the pits and on the grid. If the engine is fitted with an anti-stall device, this must be set to cut the engine within ten seconds in the event of an accident.
Each driver is allowed to use up to eight engines during a season. A ten place starting grid penalty will be applied at each event where an additional engine is used.


Sporting
Parc fermé
After weighing during each qualifying session, teams are required to take their cars to a place in the paddock, sectioned off by the FIA, known as parc fermé; they may not do work on the cars, other than routine maintenance, until they are released from parc fermé for the race the next morning.
If a team must change a car's engine between parc fermé and the start of the race, the car will start at the back of the grid; if they must do other significant work, body work or suspension adjustments, the car will start from the pit lane.

Race procedure

P2.3 - Malaysia Sepang Grand Prix circuit



P2.4 - Malaysia Sepang Grand Prix circuit

The pit lane opens thirty minutes before the start of a race, during which time drivers may drive around the track as much as they like, driving through the pitlane each time around in order to avoid the grid. Drivers must be in their cars and in place on the grid by time the pit lane closes at -15:00; otherwise they must start the race from the pits. Meanwhile, teams may work on their cars on the grid.
At -10:00 the grid is cleared of everyone except team mechanics, race marshals, and drivers. A team will generally want to keep its tyres off their cars and heated in their tyre-warmers for as long as possible, but they must be attached to the cars by -3:00.
Engines must be running by -1:00; at fifteen seconds to the start all personnel must be clear of the track. Two green lights signify the start of the formation lap, also known as the parade lap, during which drivers must remain in the same order (no passing) except if a car ahead has stopped due to a technical problem, or has had an accident. The cars circle the track once, usually weaving from side to side to warm up their tyres, and form up again in their starting positions on the grid.
If, for some reason, a car cannot start the race (engine failure during qualifying or practice, suspension fails, etc), the car can still join the race, but will take a 10-position penalty at the start. For example, if the car qualifies in 3rd, but has to change an engine at any point during the race weekend prior to the actual race, the car will start from 13th position. For strategy's sake, teams will sometimes opt to start a car affected in this way from the pit lane. This means they start at the tail end of the grid; however, they can not only change an engine, but also start the race on a full load of fuel and with fresh tyres.
Gearboxes must be used for 4 consecutive events (counted as P3, the qualifying practice session and the race). A five place grid penalty will be incurred if a replacement gearbox is used.


P2.5 - Formula 1 start lights

The race is started by five red lights, controlled by FIA Race Director Charlie Whiting. The lights illuminate one at a time, left to right, in one-second intervals, and then go out simultaneously after an interval of between four and seven seconds. When the lights go out, the race begins. Should the start need to be aborted for any reason, all five red lights will come on as normal, but instead of going out, the three orange lights will flash. All engines are stopped and the start resumes from the five minute point. If a single driver raises his hand to indicate that he can't start, the marshall for that row will wave a yellow flag, then after a few seconds, both the red and orange lights will extinguish and the green lights will come on to indicate another formation lap.

Scoring

P2.6 - Formula 1 Scoring System

The Driver's and Constructor's Championships are decided by points, which are awarded according to the place in which a driver classifies at each grand prix. To receive points a racer need not finish the race, but at least 90% of the winner's race distance must be completed. Therefore, it is possible for a driver to receive some points even though he retired before the end of the race. In that case the scoring is based on the distance completed in comparison to other drivers. It is also possible for the lower points not to be awarded (as at the 2005 United States Grand Prix) because insufficient drivers completed 90% of the winner's distance. The system was revised in 2003 and for the 2010 season because of the 4 new teams entering the sport. The 2010 scoring system will be :
Drivers finishing lower than tenth place receive no points.
If the race had for some reason to be abandoned before 75% of the planned distance (rounded up to the nearest lap) had been completed, then the points awarded are halved: 12.5, 10, 7.5, 5, 4, 3, 2.5, 1.5, 1, 0.5.
Points are awarded equally to the driver and his constructor; for example, if a driver for one team comes second, eighteen points are added to his season total; if his teammate finished third in the same race, he adds fifteen to his total and the team adds 33 (the sum of the drivers' points) to its total. The championships are awarded to whichever driver and constructor have the most points at the end of the season. In case of a tie, the FIA compares the number of times each driver has finished in each position. The championship goes to whichever had the greater number of wins; if they have the same number of wins, it goes to the driver with the greater number of second places, and so on. For example, if Ayrton Senna and Alain Prost are tied at the end of a season, and Prost had six wins and three second place finishes, but Senna had six wins and four second place finishes (even if he had fewer third places than Prost, etc.), Senna would be champion.

Flags
Race marshals, armed with a set of flags to give various messages to drivers, are positioned at numerous points around the track during every race. Flags have different meanings depending on their colour; the colours (with Pantone values as specified by the FIA) signify as follows:


P2.7 - Formula 1 racing flags

Penalties
Penalties may be imposed on drivers for numerous offenses, including starting prematurely, speeding in the pitlane, causing an accident, blocking unfairly, or ignoring flags of any color. There are four types of penalty which a driver may incur for violation of on-track rules:
The drive-through penalty requires the driver to enter the pitlane, drive through it while obeying its speed limit, and exit without stopping. Drive-through penalties are normally imposed for minor offences, for example crossing the white line at the end of the pit lane before passing over the end of the line, kerb-hopping at chicanes, ignoring yellow flags,or cutting corners. As a drive through penalty does not require the driver to stop at their pit, it is less costly to a driver's race times than a stop-go penalty.
-The ten-second (or "stop-go") penalty requires the driver to enter the pitlane, stop at his pit for ten seconds, and exit again. As the stop is designed to punish the driver for an offence, team mechanics are forbidden to work on the offending car at any time while the driver is serving the penalty. Stop-go penalties are generally imposed for more serious offences, such as jump starts, pit lane speeding, ignoring blue flags or unfair blocking. The ten second halt makes a stop-go penalty much more costly to a driver's race times that a drive-through penalty.
-A more extreme penalty may be imposed for more severe infractions: adding ten places to the driver's grid position at the next grand prix, e.g. if he qualified in pole position he would start the race eleventh from the front.
-The most severe penalty in common use is a black flag, which may be imposed for ignoring penalties or for technical irregularities of any sort; it signifies that the driver has been disqualified from the race and his results for that race will not count toward the championship.
-If the black flag is not considered sufficient for the offense that the driver has committed, they may be banned for a number of races after the event.
-The most extreme punishment of all (used for seriously endangering the life of another driver) is to be excluded from the drivers world championship that year. Such cases may, of course, also be taken to court. For the drive-through and stop-go penalties, a driver has three laps from the time his team hears of the penalty to enter the pits; if he does not pit within three laps, he will be black-flagged. If he incurs a penalty within the last five laps of the race, he need not pit at all; instead, twenty-five seconds will be added to his total race time.


Tokoh F1 Malaysia
Alex Yoong

P3.1 - Alex Yoong

Backed by the Malaysian lottery company Magnum he was given the chance to drive three Formula One races in 2001 for the Minardi team, debuting at the Italian GP. He thus became the first Malaysian F1 driver. The deal was extended for the whole 2002 season, however after a good result of seventh in the Australian Grand Prix he struggled to be competitive. After failing to be remotely close to the 107% rule for many races, he was replaced by Anthony Davidson for two mid-season races. Although his form did improve afterwards, his Formula One career ended at the close of season. He competed in 18 Grands Prix with a best result of 7th in the 2002 Australian Grand Prix.


1Malaysia F1 Team

P3.2 - Lotus F1


P3.2 - Lotus F1

Company Name: 1Malaysia F1 Team Sdn Bhd
Team Name: Lotus F1
TeamCountry: Malaysia
Team Principal: Tony Fernandes
posted by Kumpulan Boonx2 on 4:45 AM

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